Bashar al-Assad

A huge body of research and eyewitness testimony has long been available

Anything is better than Assad, isn’t it?

The country’s massive assault on Syrian sovereignty at a time of crisis is framed as an act of self-defense

So far, the state hasn’t been destroyed

It is too early to speak of Putin’s strategic defeat

Assad, for all his many flaws, was also seen in Washington as a counterbalance to the jihadists that would take over the country

Syria never became a great patriotic project for his Kremlin

Throughout 2024, anywhere from thirty-five to 100 people have been killed each week across the country as multiple conflicts continue to rage

The costs of the sort of intervention in Syria that we envisaged in 2013 would not have been high